James while John had had had had had had had had had had had－mqo0dbrittahw

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「James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher」一個表示用詞歧義和標點符號重要性的英文句子；^[1]然而，句子本有的標點符號被語調、^[2]重音和停頓代替了，結果它們只能通過對話聽出卻無法寫到紙上翻譯^[3]在對於人類怎樣處理資訊的研究中，該句經常會被用來說明標點符號的重要性，萬國翻譯社們應倚重標點符號來表達句子的意思，而非用語調、重音或停頓。^[4]

句子的背景和意思[編輯]

如果加了標點符號，這句句子會比較清楚：

James 翻譯社 while John had had "had"翻譯社 had had "had had"; "had had" had had a better effect on the teacher.^[5]

詹姆斯在當約翰用「had」時用了「had had」，老師認為「had had」的效果更好。

如果重排句子，意思會更清楚：

James had had "had had", while John had had "had"; "had had" had had a better effect on the teacher.

詹姆斯用了「had had」，而約翰用了「had」，老師認為「had had」的效果更好。

這句子可以作為一個文法遊戲^[6]^[7]^[8]或一條考試題目，^[1]^[2]考生需要賦予合適的標點符號來明晰句子意思翻譯Hans Reichenbach在1947年用了一個類似的句子給讀者作為練習（「John where Jack...」），來表達語言的不同階級，例如目標語言及元語言翻譯^[9]在研究如何人讓他們的環境中的信息意識，這句話來演示如何武斷的決定可以大幅改變的意義，類似於如何，標點和句秀引號的變化，老師輪流喜歡詹姆斯的工作和約翰工作。（「詹姆斯，而約翰不得不」，「...」，或「詹姆斯，約翰不得不」不得不，「......」）^[10]

這句話也可以用來顯示語義含糊的詞「有」，以及展示用一個字，提一個字之間的差異。^[11]它也被用來作為一個例子，如何可以得到複雜的語言翻譯而仍然是語法上是正確的。^[12]

^ Hudson 翻譯社 Grover. Essential introductory linguistics. Wiley-Blackwell. 1999: 372 [2009-04-30]. ISBN 0631203044. Writing is secondary to speech, in history and in the fact that speech and not writing is fundamental to the human species.

^ van de Velde, Roger G. Text and thinking: on some roles of thinking in text interpretation Illustrated. Walter de Gruyter. 1992: 43 [2009-04-30]. ISBN 3110132508. In scanning across lines, readers also make use of the information parts carried along with the punctuatuion markes: a period 翻譯社 a dash, a colon, a semicolon or a comma may signal different degrees of integration/separation between the groupings.
^ "Problem C: Operator Jumble". 31st ACM International Collegiate Programming Conference翻譯社 2006–2007.
^ Amon, Mike. GADFLY. Financial Times. 2004-01-28 [2009-04-30]. HAD up to here? So were readers of last week's column, invited to punctuate "Smith where Jones had had had had had had had had had had had the examiners approval."
^ Jackson翻譯社 Howard. Grammar and Vocabulary: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge. 2002: 123 [2009-04-30]. ISBN 0415231701. Finally, verbal humour is often an ingredient of puzzles. As part of an advertising campaign for its educational website , the Guardian (for 3 january 2001) included the following familiar grammatical puzzle.

^ Reichenbach, Hans (1947) Elements of symbolic logic. London: Collier-MacMillan. Exercise 3-4 翻譯社 p.405; solution p.417.
^ Weick, Karl E. Making Sense of the Organization 8th. Wiley-Blackwell. 2005: 186–187 [2009-04-30]. ISBN 0631223193. Once a person has generated/bracketed part of the stream, then the activities of punctuation and connection (parsing) can occur in an effort to transform the raw data into information.

^ Lecercle, Jean-Jacques. The violence of language Illustrated. Routledge. 1990: 86 [2009-04-30]. ISBN 0415034310. Suppose I decide that I wish to make up a sentence containing eleven occurrences of the word 'had' in a row ...

^ Hollin 翻譯社 Clive R. Contemporary Psychology: An Introduction Illustrated. Routledge. 1995: 34 [2009-04-30]. ISBN 0748401911. Do readers make use of the ways in which sentences are structured?